刊名: 教学与研究
Teaching and Research
主办: 中国人民大学
周期: 月刊
出版地:北京市
语种: 中文;
开本: 大16开
ISSN: 0257-2826
CN: 11-1454/G4
邮发代号: 2-256
历史沿革:
现用刊名:教学与研究
创刊时间:1953
该刊被以下数据库收录:
CSSCI 中文社会科学引文索引(2012—2013)来源期刊(含扩展版)
核心期刊:
中文核心期刊(2011)
中文核心期刊(2008)
中文核心期刊(2004)
中文核心期刊(2000)
中文核心期刊(1996)
中文核心期刊(1992)
浅析语篇型语法填空
【作者】 张欣萍
【机构】 云南省丽江市永胜县第一中学
一、语篇型语法填空的形式
过去15分的单选题改为分值相等的语篇型语法填空题,是以一篇200词左右的短文为载体(短文或对话),留出10处空白, 其中3-4处已给出单词。根据语篇内容完成空白内容。其旨在在考查语法的同时,也在考查考生对语篇的理解。所填空白处的词语既要意思连贯和富有逻辑性,又要语法正确。主要考查动词、代词、介词、冠词、词类转换等基础语言知识。又要考察句子结构,根据句子所缺成分确定填写哪类词。再根据句子意思, 复合句/强调句/感叹句/倒装句/反意疑问句/省略句/定语从句和其它的名词性从句来确定具体填什么词:或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。给出提示词:考生需要根据语境写出正确的词态, 包括动词的词态、语态、非谓语动词,形容词和副词的级别。
二、语篇型语法填空的解题思路
考生在对题目进行作答之前,要先对题干进行详细阅读,检查题目中是否有提示词语存在;而后判断出所填词语在句子中所充当的句子成分,例如,主语、谓语、宾语和状语等;最后根据其所充当的句子成分,加之其所处句子的语态等,选择词语的正确形式,例如,动词的现在分词或者过去分词,或者形容词/副词的原级、比较级或者最高级的使用等。
在句子中没有提示词或者标志词存在时,考生要根据句子中所填词语的位置,判断所填词语的词性,例如,连接词、定冠词、不定冠词、代词或者介词等。定冠词以及不定冠词的位置通常在名词之前,起到对名词进行限制的作用。而代词则分为人称代词的主格和宾格,形容词性物主代词、名词性代词、指示代词和不定代词等。具体的应用如下:
作主语用主格,动词和介词后用宾格。形物代离开名词不存在,名物代以名词不相见。如:Tom is a kind man . He is always willing to help
people in need. 前边Tom阳性,此句缺主语用he 来指代。-Who teaches you English? 主语跟宾语不是同一人用“宾格”. – We teach ourselves .主语跟宾语是同一人用反身代词。Would you mind my smoking here ? Our new classroom is larger than theirs. 比较的对象要相同,而且名词classroom在前边出现过。在运用介词的时候,往往考查介词的固定搭配,其中包括动词、形容词等与介词的搭配。用代词要看前边的名词是单复数还是不可数,人称是阴性还是阳性。
三:解决的办法
1.浏览全文,了解大意。做题时,逐一攻克,先易后难。如:
I had a unique experience of adopting a whale 1._______( name) “Kadee” from the Pacific Whale Foundation last spring . The Foundation sent me 2._____ entire history and background of my whale . The scientists who follow these adopted whales recognize them through their tails ,3.______are as different as the features on a person′s face . The reasons why I chose this particular whale are 4.______I loved the whale′s tail and its interesting history .
I love for whales and helping to preserve the waters they live 5.____ began years ago when I went on a whale-watching trip in Cape Cod . I 6._________(impress) by these smart creatures and 7._______(learn) a great deal about them ever since . Whenever I talk about my 8. _____(adopt) of the whale with my students ,many hands go up with questions about the whale ——of course ,they always ask me where I keep my whale . I laugh and tell them that my bathtub is 9.______ small to keep a whale so I keep track of Kadee through the Pacific Whale Foundation ; I also tell them that anyone can adopt a whale and this can help scientists learn more about these 10. ______(intelligence) and gentle giants . 浏览了全文,了解大概是讲收养鲸鱼的事,然后开始做题。首先把已给词的空白处完成,有利于把握全文的中心。1空由于已有谓语动词had考虑非谓语,前后是动宾关系用named ,2 空 whole /entire前用the ,3 空先行词是物,而且从句缺主语,又是非限定性定语从句,所以用which , 4空表语从句不缺何种成分用连词that ,5空固定搭配(live) in ,6空前有时态的状语提示,years ago, 又是被动,用was impressed ,7空有时态的状语提示ever since,用 have learned , 8空(my+ 名词 )adoption ,9空固定搭配too…(to ),10空形容词intelligent 修饰名词giants.
2.加强基础知识的训练
1.考察介词要记固定搭配。如:keep…in mind , appeal to, devote …to , pay attention to , look forward to,stick to , make a contribution to ,be strict with sb , be strict in sth 等。要注意介词后所给的是动词的话,要填动名词。如:I am looking forward to seeing (see) you soon . 2014年,I got a place next to the window .
2.系表结构Sb+be+adj/done :worried/dissatisfied/satisfied/puzzled/ interested/amazed/ surprised/ shocked/disappointed/annoyed….强调主语必须是人,系动词后+形容词或分词做表语。系动词除了be动词还有:keep, seem, taste ,smell, get, turn, become, go, stay ,lie,look, appear 等.
例如: She got lost (lose) in unfamiliar places. Keep healthy (health), you can work hard and live longer. This palace lies pieces. His face went pale while Kate′ face turned red .修饰物用现在分词doing .如:I heard a piece of amazing /exciting/surprising/shocking/annoying/astonishing news.
3动词的语态:语态方面主要看主语,主语为物且动词为及物动词就要用被动语态。e.g . Tai Chi is called (call) “shadow boxing “ in English. 此句主语为物,被动且是客观事实,用一般现在时的被动语态。When I was leaving ,I heard the bell ringing .主语为人,用主动语态。
4.非谓语一般有1-2题。它的主要形式包括:动词不定式:ask/order/want/tell sb to do sth, decide/try /start/begin to do.动名词结构: go shopping/hiking/camping/swimming和 do someshopping/washing/
reading /clearing等. 做主语要用动名词。如:Reading is beneficial to our mind .介词后要用动名词。如:One morning ,I was waiting at the bus stop .worried about _being ( be ) late for school.另外、finish/enjoy+doing .
应用分词的句子要首先找出句子的主语做分词的逻辑主语,若能执行这个动作,用doing ,若不能则用done. She was cooking supper, singing an English song. 主语 she 能执行这个动作,所以用singing . The Center Park built before is very popular now.主语是物,是被动关系,所以用built 而且有谓语is 了。
5.动词的时态:考察谓语注意时间状语或前后时态。例如: One of Jesus′ followers later betrayed (背叛)him and turned him over to be killed. 虽然没有时间状语,但这是一个人人都熟悉的历史典故。In ancient times ,only rich or powerful people dressed in purple –colored clothes .这里有时间状语in ancient times提示 所以用过去时。
6. 所给的是形容词或副词,要考虑它们互变或级别。如:To learn English words, the more ,the better (good )you have learned . You did________(good).根据修饰动词的应当是副词,所以填well.位于句首的副词常填的有:fortunately/unfortunately ,luckily/unluckily, actually ,finally 等。
Unfortunately(fortunate),he hurt badly. Actually (actually) , what he said doesn′t agree with what he did .
7.名词的单复数及不可数。高中常见的不可数名词为:advice, furniture , fun , progress,, news, money, knowledge, experience(经验) ,泛指失败和成功 failure, success….如:I′ d like you to give you some advice (advice).
Our Chinese teacher has rich teaching experience(经验) .Mike has made great progress in math .
8.了解一些基础的构词知识。
1.形容词变名词: intelligent—intelligence ,different—difference ….
good-goodness, kind-kindness, ,warm-warmth, wide-width,…
2. 名词变形容词 : cloud-cloudy, rain-rainy ,sunny ,foggy….
friend-friendly ,week- weekly ,day-daily …
nation-national , internation—international
America—American ,Australia –Australian
care-careful, beauty—beautiful, use—useful, help——helpless
care—careless, help-helpless, use—useless,
3形容词变副词:fortunate-fortunately ,wise-wisely ,proper-properly…
happy-happily ,lucky-luckily, heavy—heavily….
true-truly, possible-possibly, enjoyable—enjoyably….,
4.动词变名词:act-action ,invent-invention ,contribute -contribution等。
move –movement, measure-measurement ….
语篇型填空虽然有一定的难度,考查范围相对较广,基础差的考生失分现象较为严重,但是只要考生能够清楚地了解这类题目的命题特点和命题规律,掌握答题的技巧,在备考的过程中有针对性地持之以恒地加强训练,并进行反思性归纳总结,熟练语法的运用,加强在语篇情境下的语法应用能力,在考试中就能提高语法填空题的准确率,取得较为理想的成绩。拿高分也完全有望。“Rome was not built one day”;“Practice makes perfect”.在日常的学习中,务必要注重词性。了解句子的基本构成即:主语前,谓语后,宾语跟在谓语后,状语末。例如此句就是典型的不知道词性的例子。Mike often by bike to school .做谓语要用动词而不是介词短语。正确的应为:Mike often goes to school by bike 或 Mike often rides the bike to school. “by bike”只是介词短语做方式状语。同时培养学生记录纠错的例子,日久天长语法的应用就会有所提高。
参考资料:
[1]短文择自2015年高考英语模拟试题(五)。